Dave...I believe your 'unknown part' may be a 75" diameter oval profiled in height, cast, hollow valve disk with a circular seal cavity at top & bottom
Reference is made to a Cast Iron composite material and cut diagonally as is a cast iron piston ring to fit and seal from these cavitiesThis Drawing is references as
Section B , however shows no porting. An additional sectional Drawing of this disk would confirm porting functionality
It could be that this rotary disk is the main admission valve for the cylinder...although the complexity baffles
The top face of this valve disk matches the 75" diameter and curvature of the cylinder cap which has the fixed admission cast port
Sheet 7 nominates the technical term
Birds Eye view of the cylinder bottom..... [
Elias W Copeland s Steam Engineer - New York 31/12/1839]
It would be interesting to see a full size copy of Sheet 7, and compare to Sheet 17
Derek